How many types of auxiliary are there?

In English there are two types of auxiliary verb, primary auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries. The three primary auxiliary verbs are 'be', 'have' and 'do'. There are ten common modal auxiliary verbs and they are 'can', 'could', 'will', 'would', 'shall', 'should', 'may', 'might', 'must' and 'ought'.
Helenseasyenglish

The usage of "etc" and "et al"

The are many people who error in using "etc" and "et al". So, I will give you briefly explanation about the differences between etc and et all.

Conjunction

Here are the the picture of conjunctions with definition as well as examples sentence.

Here are groups of phrasal verbs, hope this is useful for you, guys!!

Phrasal Verbs of Look

Hello guys, come back with me! Today I will give you the material about phrasal verbs of "look". Here we go!!

What’s the Difference Between Dashes and Hyphens? A

A hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark that’s used to join words or parts of words. It’s not interchangeable with other types of dashes.
A dash is longer than a hyphen and is commonly used to indicate a range or a pause. The most common types of dashes are the en dash (–) and the em dash (—).
When to Use Hyphens--
Some compound words, such as self-restraint are hyphenated. Numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine should also be hyphenated when they’re spelled out. But when you’re not sure whether a compound word should have a hyphen or not, check a dictionary or style guide. Hyphenated words tend to become closed compounds (single words with no hyphens) over time. Email instead of e-mail, for example, is increasingly common.
You should also use a hyphen with a compound modifier before a noun. A compound modifier (also called a phrasal adjective) is made up of two or more words that must be understood as a unit. For example, “a big, bright hotel” does not contain a compound modifier because big and bright don’t form a unit of meaning. But “a dog-friendly hotel” does contain a compound modifier; unless you understand “dog-friendly” as a unit of meaning, the phrase doesn’t make sense. The hyphen shows the reader that the words should be taken together as a descriptor for the noun. Most often, compound modifiers are made up of an adjective plus a noun or participle. They’re also commonly composed of a noun plus a gerund.
a dog-friendly hotel
closed-door meetings
a book-loving student
an expensive, flower-filled vase (this means that the vase is expensive)
an expensive-flower-filled vase (this means that the vase is filled with expensive flowers)
But, remember, a compound modifier only needs a hyphen when it comes before a noun. If it comes after the noun, leave the hyphen out.
the hotel is dog friendly
There’s one other caveat: don’t use a hyphen when you have a compound modifier that consists of an adverb ending in -ly plus a participle or adjective. The -ly is sufficient to show that the compound is a unit of meaning.
a highly respected scientist
an extremely embarrassing Facebook post
a superbly cooked steak
When you have a compound modifier that is interruped by some other word that’s not really part of the modifier, use a suspended hyphen:
Take a five- or ten-minute break.
Hyphens are also commonly used to divide words that fall at the end of a line of text and continue on the next line. Book and newspaper publishers still set type this way, but it’s rarely necessary to manually insert word breaks in your own writing because modern word processors automatically justify and align your text. If you do need to split a word at the end of a line, it’s best to break the word between syllables.
When to Use En Dashes--
En dashes, which are about the width of an upper-case N, are often mistaken for hyphens. But, traditionally, en dashes function as a kind of super hyphen. They’re meant to give you a little extra glue when you have a compound modifier that includes a multi-word element that can’t easily be hyphenated. For example, the phrase Elvis Presley–style dance moves uses an en dash because Elvis-Presley-style dance moves is awkward; “Elvis Presley” isn’t a compound modifier, so hyphenating it looks odd. But, keep in mind, not all readers will notice en dashes or understand what they mean. Sometimes, it’s better to simply reword the phrase.
Elvis Presley–style dance moves or: dance moves like Elvis Presley’s
pre–World War II buildings or: buildings constructed before World War II
En dashes are also used to show ranges of numbers, such as times, page numbers, or scores (I’ll schedule you from 4:30–5:00). But, outside of formal printed publications, this type of en dash is commonly replaced with a simple hyphen.
When to Use Em Dashes--
The em dash (about as wide as an uppercase M), is a relatively artistic punctuation mark, compared to the more technical hyphen and en dash. An em dash

5 Common Punctuation Mistakes and How to Avoid Them--- Utilizing correct punctuation won’t help you make friends or b

Utilizing correct punctuation won’t help you make friends or b

Utilizing correct punctuation won’t help you make friends or boost your business, but using punctuation incorrectly will make your book, magazine or catalog copy stand out like a sore thumb. Even if people can’t pinpoint your mistake, something will look off about your message, making people less likely to trust what you’re trying to say.
It’s always best to check your writing for common punctuation mistakes so you don’t inadvertently alienate those who will be reading your material.
Here are 10 of the most common punctuation errors people make and how you can avoid making them.
1. Extraneous Apostrophes--
The Problem: People putting apostrophes where they don’t belong.
Examples to avoid: It is all your’s. Five dollar’s off!
How to Avoid: In these cases, you want the plural form of the word, so just add an “s.” Add an apostrophe if you need the possessive form, such as, “That is my wife’s car.”
Apostrophes are also used for contractions, such as “shouldn’t” for “should not.”
2. Unnecessary Quotation Marks--
The Problem: The use of single or double quotation marks when nothing is being quoted.
Example to avoid: We offer the ‘best price in town’!
How to Avoid: If you’re not quoting something, don’t use single or double quotation marks. If you want to emphasize a specific part of your message, use a bold or italicized font.
3. Missing Commas--
The Problem: Without commas, sentences can become run-on blocks of text without any breaks. Example to avoid: I went to the store but they were closed so I went home.
How to Avoid: Speak the sentence aloud and take note of any breaks in your speech. Insert commas when you pause or when you change gears within a sentence.
4. Too Many Commas--
New Call-to-action---The Problem: Just the opposite of missing commas, it’s possible to include an excessive amount of commas in one sentence.
Example to avoid: I went to the store, but they were closed, so I got in my car, turned my radio on, backed out, and then went home.
How to Avoid: While there’s no set rule for how many commas constitutes too many, your eyes are the best judge of overuse. If you think you have too many in a single sentence, consider replacing a comma with a period to create separate sentences.
5. Excess Exclamation--
The Problem: Too many exclamation points in a body of work overwhelms the reader and devalues each individual exclamation point.
Examples to avoid: Our products are the best! They really work! Get yours today!
How to Avoid: Be tasteful with your exclamation points. Save them only for the big points and for the ends of paragraphs, leaving the reader on a high note.
~helenseasyenglish

Important Rules For Comma Usage--

Commas are very important when it comes to proper spelling and writing a sentence to make sure it reads fluidly. Not knowing when to use a comma can end up making the person reading your writing to become confused.
What is a Comma?
Just in case you want to know what a comma is then it is very simple; a comma is a ‘Soft stop’ which allows you to tell the reader to pause for a moment. When found in long sentences, commas are used to separate clauses. This allows the reader to understand exactly what modifiers end up applying to which words and so on.
Commas separate nouns or ideas and change a noun to a verb. You can use a comma to separate between coordinate objectives. In this sentence “In order to get home, we must travel over numerous winding, narrow, dangerous roads” we find the commas are used correctly. However, in this one “Michael owns various red, big sweaters” the comma is not used properly. Chances are that if you can ad an AND or a BUT between the adjectives, then a comma can most likely go there instead.
The Right Time to Use a Comma:
Another time you should use a comma is when you are trying to set off phrases that express variation. Examples such as “It was his wealth, not his wit or charm, that first attracted her” and “The kittens were adorable, but really messy” show us the need to use the comma to demonstrate contrast. You should also use a comma to avoid confusion when writing a sentence. A case in point is found here:
For many the season has already ended.
For many, the season has already ended.
As we can see, the latter sentence correctly separates the words to help the writer avoid confusion to the reader. Whenever you are trying to separate the elements in a series of 3 or more things, a comma needs to be used. This includes the last two.
She took the shirt, washed the jeans, and ironed the skirt.
While to most, the first 2 commas may seem correct, the last one appears wrong. However, there are many instances where a comma needs to be inserted after the word and if the list is lengthy or complex. Often called the Oxford comma or the Serial comma, this last one between the word “And” is often left out by writers; especially in newspapers. Nevertheless, just because they do so, does not mean you should. In another instance a comma should be used is when you need to set off an introductory element such as “While taking a photo of himself, he suddenly realized how silly he looked”When using a little conjunction such as (and, but, nor, yet, or, but, so) to connect 2 independent clauses, a comma needs to be used as well. Example which explains this is found here: “She, hit the nail in the head, but broke the tiles on the floor” This coordinating conjunction is a suitable separation for sentences with a short, balanced individualistic clauses.
There are several other points at which you should use a comma. As you continue to write and get better in your writings and grammatical knowledge, so will your understanding of when and when not to use a comma. Knowing the important rules for comma usage can profoundly impact the style and success of your writings.
~helenseasyenglish

punctuation

Punctuation--
Punctuation marks are essential when you are writing. They show the reader where sentences start and finish and if they are used properly they make your writing easy to understand. This section gives practical guidance on how to use commas, semicolons, and other types of punctuation correctly so that your writing will always be clear and effective. There are also sections which offer advice on using punctuation when writing direct speech, lists, or abbreviations.
You may find some aspects of punctuation harder to grasp than others (for example, when to use a semicolon or a colon).
Semicolon (;)
The main task of the semicolon is to mark a break that is stronger than a comma but not as final as a full stop. It’s used between two main clauses that balance each other and are too closely linked to be made into separate sentences, as in these two examples:
The road runs through a beautiful wooded valley; the railway line follows it.
An art director searched North Africa; I went to the Canary Islands.
You can also use a semicolon as a stronger division in a sentence that already contains commas:
The study showed the following: 76% of surveyed firms monitor employee Web-surfing activities, with 65% blocking access to unauthorized Internet locations; over one-third of the firms monitor employee computer keystrokes; half reported storing and reviewing employee emails; 57% monitor employee telephone behavior, including the inappropriate use of voicemail.

quotation marks

💠QUOTATION MARKS💠
Use quotation marks to cite something someone said exactly. When rephrasing what someone told you, no quotation marks are needed.
EXAMPLES:
"I'm going to the store now," she said.
Harry told me, "Don't forget your soccer jersey."
Harry told me not to forget my soccer jersey.
If quoting others within a quote, both single and double quotation marks are used to set the two separate quotations off from each other.
EXAMPLE:
'I haven't spoken to Peter for months,' Dianne said.'The last time I spoke to him he said, "I'm going to Bahrain and won't be back for about three years", I've heard nothing since then'.
You may see single or double quotation marks used to mark out idiomatic or unfamiliar expressions
EXAMPLES:
I've always thought that he was very annoying, a bit of a 'pain in the neck.'
I'm not sure what you mean by "custodial care", but I'm sure you will explain it to me.
Quotation marks both single and double are also used for specific purposes in bibliographic references or when citing sources in academic writing. There are a number of ways of organising bibliographies which set out standard formats. Most organisations and academic institutions will prefer one of these or have their own format published in a 'style guide'.
EXAMPLE:
"The Migration Flight of the Lesser Tweazle", by Jeremey Adams, The Bird Spotter Magazine, July 2009.
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exclamation mark

Exclamation mark!
It is often said that the exclamation mark serves to express an exclamation. It is most commonly used to show shock, surprise, horror or pleasure. For example:
“Run faster!”, - he shouted to me.
Thank you so much for your help!
Question mark?
The question mark is placed at the end of the interrogative sentence.
What time are you going to work?
~helenseasyenglish

the rules of comma

THE COMMA💠
There are some general rules which you can apply when using the comma. However, you will find that in English there are many other ways to use the comma to add to the meaning of a sentence or to emphasise an item, point, or meaning.
Although we are often taught that commas are used to help us add 'breathing spaces' to sentences they are, in fact, more accurately used to organise blocks of thought or logical groupings. Most people use commas to ensure that meaning is clear and, despite grammatical rules, will drop a comma if their meaning is retained without it.
➡SEPARATE PHRASES, WORDS, OR CLAUSES IN LISTS
When making a list, commas are the most common way to separate one list item from the next. The final two items in the list are usually separated by "and" or "or", which should be preceeded by a comma. Amongst editors this final comma in a list is known as the "Oxford Comma".
➡A SERIES OF INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (SENTENCES)
EXAMPLES:
I met Harry, we went for a swim together, and afterwards Harry went home.
I like your son, I might even love him, but he is not a very good soccer player.
➡A SERIES OF NOUNS
EXAMPLES:
For dinner I had soup, fish, chicken, dessert, and coffee.
This afternoon I went to Oxford Circus, Picadilly, Hamstead, and Gatwick Airport.
➡A SERIES OF ADJECTIVES
A list of adjectives usually requires commas. However, if an adjective is modifying another adjective you do not separate them with a comma (sentence 3).
EXAMPLES:
She was young, beautiful, kind, and intelligent.
The house we visited was dark, dreary, and run-down.
She was wearing a bright red shirt.
➡A SERIES OF VERBS
EXAMPLES:
Tony ran towards me, fell, yelled, and fainted.
The boy leapt, spun, twisted, and dove into the water.
➡A SERIES OF PHRASES
EXAMPLES:
The car smashed into the wall, flipped onto its roof, slid along the road, and finally stopped against a tree.
The dog leapt into the air, snatched the frisbee in its mouth, landed, and ran off into the forest.
➡ENCLOSING DETAILS
Use a comma to enclose non-defining relative clauses and other non-essential details and comments. The comma is placed on either side of the insertion.
EXAMPLES:
China, one of the most powerful nations on Earth, has a huge population.
Jason's grandmother, who was born in 1930, lived through the Second World War.
Cats, unlike dogs, do not respect their masters.
My friend, Jim, likes to go scuba diving.
➡PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
EXAMPLES:
Hearing that her father was in hospital, Jane left work immediately.
Walking to the bus stop that morning, Sam knew it was going to be a special day.
➡TAG QUESTIONS
EXAMPLES:
She lives in Paris, doesn't she?
We haven't met, have we?
➡INTERJECTIONS
EXAMPLES:
Yes, I will stay a little longer, thank you.
No, he isn't like other boys.
Wait, I didn't mean to scare you.
➡A FINAL WARNING
Putting a comma in the wrong place can lead to a sentence with a completely different meaning, look at these two sentences:
I detest liars like you; I believe that honesty is the best policy. = I detest you because you are a liar.
I detest liars, like you; I believe that honesty is the best policy. = You and I both detest liars.

All about punctuation

Source: helenseasyenglish